Model of Building Institutional Networks in Early Prevention of Social Conflicts in Urban Area of Bekasi

Institutional theory is increasingly developing in various disciplines, even multi and interdisciplinary in nature. Among the scientific discipline groups that made major contributions to the development of institutional theory were economics, political science and sociology (Scott, 2001). Furthermore, Scott (2001) developed a new institutional theory (New Institutionalism). This theory is a formulation of European thought and American Institutionalist Approach in the field of sociology, because it is influenced by the thinking of Jhon W. Meyer and Brian Rowan (1977) explaining that organizational behavior will be influenced by institutions that exist outside the organization. The institution will endeavor to adjust to external pressure to maintain its existence. Furthermore, the thought of Paul J. Di Maggio and Walter W. Powell (1983) argues that institutional theory (institutional) explains the structure and function of organizations with efficiency measures. Criticism of economic theory, often ignores forces outside non-rational institutions / organizations, such as the state, social norms, traditions, conventions that shape these institutions / organizations. The thought of Richard Scott (2001), institutional understanding is determined by legal, procedural, moral and cultural boundaries that have legitimacy. Not only concerning property or social order, but also as a process of institutionalization and de-institutionalization. The existence of external pressure factors will be a control over the access of actors to various resources, institutions or institutions that affect performance in various ways. Abstract:


I. Introduction
Institutional theory is increasingly developing in various disciplines, even multi and interdisciplinary in nature. Among the scientific discipline groups that made major contributions to the development of institutional theory were economics, political science and sociology (Scott, 2001). Furthermore, Scott (2001) developed a new institutional theory (New Institutionalism). This theory is a formulation of European thought and American Institutionalist Approach in the field of sociology, because it is influenced by the thinking of Jhon W. Meyer and Brian Rowan (1977) explaining that organizational behavior will be influenced by institutions that exist outside the organization. The institution will endeavor to adjust to external pressure to maintain its existence. Furthermore, the thought of Paul J. Di Maggio and Walter W. Powell (1983) argues that institutional theory (institutional) explains the structure and function of organizations with efficiency measures. Criticism of economic theory, often ignores forces outside non-rational institutions / organizations, such as the state, social norms, traditions, conventions that shape these institutions / organizations.
The thought of Richard Scott (2001), institutional understanding is determined by legal, procedural, moral and cultural boundaries that have legitimacy. Not only concerning property or social order, but also as a process of institutionalization and de-institutionalization. The existence of external pressure factors will be a control over the access of actors to various resources, institutions or institutions that affect performance in various ways.  (2001); (2) analyze other aspects that affect the institutional network in the early prevention system of social conflict in urban areas; and (3) examines the model of institutional networks in early social conflict prevention systems in urban areas. The research method used to explore and identify building institutional networks in early prevention in urban areas is qualitative. The model of building an institutional network in the early prevention of social conflict in urban areas, is very dependent on the set structure, which was developed, including.
In conclusion, institutions are boundaries created by a social system that has the power to control and direct interaction between people through formal rules (Laws, Laws) and informal settings (culture, traditions, norms) where their application will depend on existing social conditions. . Furthermore, Scott (2001) states that there are three pillars in an institution, namely regulative, normative and cognitive. Regulatory pillars emphasize and regulate sanctions. Normative pillars contain evaluative dimensions and obligations, while cognitive pillars involve shared conceptions and frames that place on understanding meaning. Each of these pillars provides different reasons for legitimacy, both based on the sanction of moral authority and cultural support.
Nee's (2001) research in the book New Institutionalism in Social Sciences, inspires many studies of institutional social networks, some of the researches in Indonesia that have developed include Kusnadi (2005) reviewing the problem of adaptation and social institutions of community institutions, Thung et al's (2003) research also explores much about the importance of social networks between aspects, including institutional factors in handling conflict in Indonesia.
In connection with the existence of an institutional network and the description of some of the research studies above shows the importance of social structures in building institutional networks in the early warning system of social conflict and cooperation between communities, the private sector, government agencies, and non-governmental institutions in handling conflicts social is one of the issues that can be studied by the science of sociology. (Tadjudin, 2000).
Rural-urban migration in developing countries is accompanied by positive and negative consequences for the area of origin and destination (Delango, 2019). Based on several studies show that several cases of conflict in several areas in urban areas. Some cases in urban areas such as Jakarta (including Jabodetabek), Semarang, Surabaya, Bandung, Palembang, and Medan have a number of complex problems, including social conflict. Several cases of social conflict in the categorization of big cities or provincial capitals such as Medan, Surabaya, Semarang and so on received a great attention in the context of social studies.
The third largest province of social conflict in Indonesia is West Java. The West Java region in the past three years has been one of the provinces that received special attention in relation to the escalation and intensity of social conflicts which were relatively high. West Java Province is one of the provinces with the highest number of violent incidents and conflicts in Indonesia, namely 1588 and 512 consecutive cases (Faisal Nurdin Idris, 2015: 1-2). The Institute for Community Study and Advocacy (ELSAM) in 2015 noted the rise of cases of intolerance in West Java based on several incidents of violence and human rights violations, particularly in 7 (seven) regions, namely: (1) Kuningan District; (2) Tasikmalaya; (3) Depok City; (4) Bekasi Regency; and (5) Bekasi City, and (6) Bogor City and (7) Bogor Regency. Bekasi City is one of the urban areas with a very high level of social conflict in West Java.
Bekasi City is one of the urban areas in West Java Province, the closest area to DKI Jakarta, which has the potential for social conflict to be quite high, seen from the aspect of geographical area, inter-regional transportation routes and population growth an average of 3.2% per year and high rates of population migration. Analysis of the selection of Bekasi City as a research target is inseparable from some of the theories of Hans-Dieter Evers (1982); Scolte (2000) and Clinton F. Fink (1998: 312), which states that almost a number of social or horizontal conflict events in Southeast Asia, in fact more occur in small towns or suburbs around than Big Cities. Although the dominance of the issue of economic conflict is not revealed in a vulgar and open manner, it is seen and reflected in other forms, such as the issue of population economic disparity, the issue of racial intolerance, the issue of conflict of community clashes, the issue of social organization conflict and so on.

II. Research Method
This study aims to explore and identify building institutional networks in early prevention in urban areas. The design of this study uses a qualitative approach using multiple case study methods related to building institutional networks in early social conflict prevention systems in Bekasi City. In addition, it also makes a systematic, factual and accurate description or description of the facts of the pattern of institutional networks in the prevention of social conflict in the City of Bekasi. This study describes the building of institutional networks that play a role in handling social conflicts and the factors that influence the level of network relations between existing institutions and proposes the design of strategies to build institutional networks in the early prevention system of social conflict (case study: conflict with the establishment of places of worship, conflict is primodial, and economic conflicts of interest) in urban areas.
Qualitative research methods are research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of speech, writing and behavior observed from the subject itself. This study directly shows the settings and individuals in these settings as a whole, the research subjects are individuals, not narrowed down into separate variables or hypotheses, but rather as a part as a whole.
Qualitative research conducts a process of inquiry to analyze social phenomena by comparing, reflecting, presenting or categorizing and verifying data accurately. The data collected in this study came from two sources namely primary data sources and secondary data. Qualitative research methods, there are four commonly used methods including primary data: (a) Participant observation; (b) In-depth interviews; (c) Focus Group Discussion (FGD); and triagulation method.
Determination of informants in the study was determined by purposive sampling and based on criteria established at the beginning of the study and in the field, then several key informants were obtained. The key informants in this study are: (a) The Regional Intelligence Community (Kominda) / Early Precautions Team of the Regional Government; The selected informants can develop according to the conditions in the field and according to the needs of this research, by setting data to build an institutional network in the early social conflict prevention system in Bekasi City, based on New Institutional theory, based on Regulative Pillars, Normative Pillars and Pillars Cognitive-Cultural and urban typology settings.

III. Discussion
Building institutional networks in the early prevention of social conflict in urban areas is intertwined with a view of the roots of social network theory as well as the opinion of George Ritzer (2004: 382), and some social network analysts, such as White, 1992;Wasserman and Faust, 1994;Wellman andBerkowit, 1988/1997, attempted to distinguish their approach from the sociological approach which Ronald Burt called the "Automistic" approach and the "Normative" approach (Burt, 1982;Granovetter, 185: Quoted by Ritzer,204: 382).
The New Institutional Theory, as stated by Richard Scott in the context of the thought of Barry Wellman (1983: 163), entered into a normative approach in social networks. That is, the normative approach, emphasizes and studies social or institutional structures. However, in the practice of institutional networks in early prevention, something that has been overlooked turns out to be empirically precisely the innovative aspect of leadership (actor) or Innovation leader is actually present and needed in translating regulatory, normative and cognitivecultural aspects.
In the context of the social network approach proposed by Wellman (1983) that the automistic-oriented approach is not included in the framework of the analysis of institutional networks. Therefore, Barry Wellman (1983: 163;Burt, 1982;Granovetter, 185: Quoted by Ritzer, 204: 382), "the task of explaining individual motives is better left to psychologists.
At first glance, the concept of structureity proposed by Giddens, such as the view of the faction that put the structure above individual actors. The difference lies in the understanding of structural duality. The main assumption put forward by Giddens ((1984) in his book "The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration." Cambridge: Polity Press "on the concept of agent is taken from interpretive sociology related to human ability to know (knowledgeability) and the involvement of these capabilities in taking action Furthermore, Giddens mentioned that knowledgeability has a reflective form which is an important part of repetitive social practice.
In carrying out social actions, agents always conduct reflective monitoring (reflexive monitoring). Giddens called it the purposive character of human behavior. Through reflective monitoring, agents are not only influenced by structure, but also affect structure. In reflective monitoring, action is not a string of actions (acts) that have their respective characteristics or an aggregate of goals, but a process that continues.
Based on the theoretical construction above, it can be concluded that to build an institutional network of early prevention of social conflict in urban areas, there are several indicators, which epistomologically can be described as follows: (1) Mapping the structure of urban areas needs to be considered in order to know the characteristics and patterns of potential social conflicts that occur in urban areas (as stated in Haris and Ullman's theory, aspects of regionalization (Structural theory, Giddens, 1984) and make adjustments to the construction of empirical findings analysis. Thus, it will also be found the characteristics of social adaptation / adaptation patterns of the community in accordance with the urban area structure (as stated by Robert K. Merton, 1983).
(2) Polarization of Social Conflict in Cities, dug up by synergizing the structure of the city area and field data collected based on interviews, documents and Focus Group Discussion activities (which include all stakeholders as well as research informants in the early prevention institutional network as stated in the research methodology). Based on these stages, data on potential conflicts in each zone of urban areas are obtained (in line with the aspects of regionalization in the theory of structuration, Giddens, 1984).
(3) Characteristics of Social Adaptation / Adaptation Patterns seen from the aspects of regionalization and Urban Space Structure (polarization between Robert K Merton's Theory (1983); Structural Theory (Anthony Giddens, 2011), so as to illustrate the high and low patterns of trends in Social Conflict and social integration The community is based on the structure of the city area, as a basis for the pattern of early social conflict prevention measures based on regional characteristics.
(4) Analysis of Institutional Network Patterns for early prevention of social conflict in urban areas. This analysis is based on the results of field research, interviews, library research, the results of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and empirical findings of the research, then formulated with the main theoretical formulation of New Institutional Theories (Regulative Aspects, Normative Aspects, Cognitive-Cultural Aspects, Richard Scott, 2011) with Structural Theory (Giddens, 1984), Social Network Theory (Barry Wellman (1983: 163);Burt, 1982;Granovetter, 185: Quoted by Ritzer, 204: 382) and Social Adaptation / Adjustment Theory (Robert K. Merton, 1983).
However, in other contexts, there is an interesting model of theoretical configuration between New Institutional Theory (Scott, 2001) and Giddens's Structure Theory (1984) there is a relationship between aspects, namely: (a) Cognitive-Cultural Aspects (Scott, 2001) strengthened with Giddens' Structural Set, which implies the existence of a set of rule resources, involved in the institutional articulation of social systems to study structures including structural principles, is to study the main aspects of transformation. (b) The Normative Aspect (Scott, 2001), reinforced by the existence of Routine (Reutinization) by building a habitual character that is taken for granted from most daily social activities; prevalence of styles and forms of behavior that are well known, both supportive and nonexistent. Meaning Normative Aspects, not only efforts to achieve goals by making guidelines for early prevention of social conflict in urban areas in the context of this study but also the existence of aspects of sustainability (sustainable) in achieving goals. (c) Regulative aspects (Scott, 2001), must be strengthened by the Structure of Rules and Resources which recursively simplifies the reproduction of social systems. Structure only exists as a memory trace, the organic basis of the ability of Human Knowledge. (d) In the Context of Network Structures (Giddens, 1984) proposed the existence of Structure Proverties. The characteristics of a structured social system, especially features that are institutionalized, extend across time and space (Aspects of Regionalization) and the Structural Principles. Principle factors involved in community institutional alignment or overall type; and (e) The final aspect is the Innovative Leadership Aspect, in the context of Giddens (1984) and Robert K Merton (1983), who served as Monitoring Reflections by Agents.
Based on the description of the theoretical configuration of several theories including the results of field studies; New Institutional Theory (Scott, 2001); City Structure Theory (Haris and Ulman; Social Adaptation Theory (Robert K Merton, 1983); Social Network Theory (Barry Wellman (1983: 163);Burt, 1982;Granovetter, 185: Quoted by Ritzer, 204: 382); Structural Theory Anthony Giddens, 1983), axiologically, can provide several benefits for the development of knowledge and practical value in building an institutional network of social conflict prevention in urban areas, including: First, Building a theoretical configuration is related to building institutional networks in the early prevention of social conflict in urban areas, which is expected to be a role model for mapping social conflicts in other urban areas, starting with spatial analysis patterns (as per the structure theory of Haris and Ulmman, 1945;aspects Regionalisation by Giddens, 1984), juxtaposed with the type of social conflict that occurred, and the analysis of Robert K. Merton's pattern of social adjustment / adaptation to see patterns of potential Social Conflict and social integration based on spatial aspects.
Furthermore, Secondly, the results of the conflict mapping, the Social and Institutional Network Patterns will be obtained based on the institutional level (RT / RW, Kelurahan, Kecamatan, Kota / Kabupaten) which can be analyzed for effectiveness by using 3 New Institutional Pillars which were advanced by Scott (1983): Cognitive-cultural Aspects, Normative Aspects and Regultative Aspects.
Third, based on empirical findings, it shows that the three New Institutional Pillars will not be effective, without being supported by Innovative Aspects and Innovative Actors / Leaders Aspects, which must be supported by several things including (1) Structure of Rules and Resources (Structure Rulles) And Resources); (2) Basic Principles of Early Prevention of Social Conflict; (3) The existence of City Social Mapping; (5) Structural Set of Institutional Networks; as an umbrella of the social system it implies the existence of (a) Structure Proverties, namely the features of a structured social system, especially features that are institutionalized, extending across space and time; and (b) Structural Principles, which are principle factors involved in the alignment of community institutions or the overall type. Fourth, the Strukut Set is then divided on the basis of: (a) Cognitive-Cultural Aspects (and Institutional Networks 1); (b) Normative Aspects (and Institutional Networks 2); and (c) Regulative Aspects (and Institutional Networks 3), where the level of success is supported on the basis of the aspects of regionalization and routine (Reutinization); and Innovative aspects carried out by the actor / agent or leader.

IV. Conclusion
The model built institutional networks in the early prevention of social conflict in urban areas, highly dependent on the set structure, which was developed, including: (a) Cognitive-Cultural Pillars (and building a level 1 institutional network); (b) Normative Pillars (and Level 2 Institutional Networks); and (c) the Regulative Pillar (and Institutional Network level 3), where the success rate is supported on the basis of the aspects of regionalization and routine (Reutinization); and (d) Pillar actor / Agent of changes including all stakeholders and the role of leaders at the level of institutional networks in the prevention of social conflict in urban areas and (e) Pillar of Innovation. As a formulation of the theoretical formulation produced in this study, a theory configuration and institutional network analysis were formulated as a theory: "Institutional Network Structuring on Early Prevention of Urban Social Conflicts" and an institutional network analysis formulated the theory: "Institutional Network Structuring on Early Prevention of Urban Social Conflict".